Comprensión individual y diádica de tablas de frecuencias en alumnos de escolaridad primaria / Individual and Collaborative Comprehension of Frequency Tables in Primary School Students / Compreensão individual e diádica de tabelas de frequências em alunos de escolaridade primária

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar la integración entre comprensión individual y diádica de una tabla de frecuencias en estudiantes de primaria, cuyo foco estuvo en la calidad y cualidad del producto cognitivo. Método. Participaron 90 estudiantes de 6º y 7º grado (edad: M= 12.3; DE= 0.5), seleccionados no probabilísticamente. Primero, los sujetos resolvieron de forma individual la tarea de comprensión de una tabla de doble entrada. Luego fueron agrupados en díadas que resolvieron la tarea colaborativamente. Se utilizó un cuestionario para evaluar niveles de complejidad de dicha comprensión y centrar el análisis en: (a) la comparación de desempeños individual y diádico generales, (b) las modalidades de integración entre producción individual y diádica, y (c) las modalidades según complejidad del ítem y composición sociocognitiva diádica. Resultados. Se encontró: (a) superioridad del desempeño diádico sobre el individual, (b) se identificaron diferentes modalidades de integración entre comprensión individual y diádica, y (c) la influencia del nivel de complejidad del ítem y la composición sociocognitiva sobre modalidades específicas de respuesta construidas por la díada. Conclusión. Se corrobora la hipótesis de la superioridad de las actuaciones interindividuales sobre las intraindividuales, aunque con variaciones generadas por las variables mediadoras. Los hallazgos se discutieron según la diferenciación conceptual entre producto y proceso.

Resumo Escopo. Analisar a integração entre compreensão individual e diádica de uma tabela de frequência em estudantes de primária, com o foco na qualidade do produto cognitivo. Metodologia. Participaram 90 estudantes de 6º e 7º grau (idade M= 12.3; SD= 0.5), selecionados de jeito não probabilístico. Primeiro, os sujeitos resolveram de forma individual a tarefa de compreensão de uma tabela de dupla entrada. Depois foram agrupados em díadas que resolveram a tarefa de modo colaborativo. Foi utilizado um questionário para avaliar níveis de complexidade na compreensão. Análises efetuados: (a) comparação de desempenhos individual e diádico gerais, (b) modalidades de integração entre produção individual y diádica, e (c) modalidades segundo a complexidade do item e composição sociocognitiva diádica. Resultados. Se encontrou (a) superioridade do desempenho diádico sobre o individual, (b) foram identificadas diferentes modalidades de integração entre compreensão individual e diádica, e (c) o nível de complexidade do item e a composição sociocognitiva influíram sobre modalidades específicas de resposta construída pela díada. Conclusão. Foi corroborada a hipóteses da superioridade das atuações inter-individuais sobre as intra-individuais, mesmo que com variações geradas pelas variáveis mediadoras. As descobertas foram discutidas segundo a diferenciação conceitual entre produto e processo.

Abstract Objective. To analyze the integration between individual and dyadic comprehension of frequency tables in primary school students. The focus was on the quality and modality of cognitive product (final solution). Method. The participants were 90 sixth and seventh grade students (age: M = 12.3; SD = 0.5; non-probabilistic sample). First, the subjects individually solved a comprehension task from a double-entry table. Then they were grouped into dyads which solved the task collaboratively. A questionnaire was used to evaluate levels of task comprehension and analyze: (a) comparison of individual and dyadic performances; (b) modalities of integration between individual and dyadic production; (c) analysis of modalities according to item and dyadic socio-cognitive composition. Results. Data showed: (a) The superiority of the collaborative performance compared to the individual performance; (b) different modalities of integration between both individual and dyadic comprehension; and (c) the level of complexity of the item and the socio-cognitive composition of the dyad influenced specific modalities. Conclusion. The hypothesis of the superiority of inter-individual actions over intra-individual actions was corroborated, although with variations associated with the mediating variables. The findings were discussed with a differentiation between product and process.

Development of an artificial intelligence diagnostic model based on dynamic uncertain causality graph for the differential diagnosis of dyspnea / 医学前沿

Dyspnea is one of the most common manifestations of patients with pulmonary disease, myocardial dysfunction, and neuromuscular disorder, among other conditions. Identifying the causes of dyspnea in clinical practice, especially for the general practitioner, remains a challenge. This pilot study aimed to develop a computer-aided tool for improving the efficiency of differential diagnosis. The disease set with dyspnea as the chief complaint was established on the basis of clinical experience and epidemiological data. Differential diagnosis approaches were established and optimized by clinical experts. The artificial intelligence (AI) diagnosis model was constructed according to the dynamic uncertain causality graph knowledge-based editor. Twenty-eight diseases and syndromes were included in the disease set. The model contained 132 variables of symptoms, signs, and serological and imaging parameters. Medical records from the electronic hospital records of Suining Central Hospital were randomly selected. A total of 202 discharged patients with dyspnea as the chief complaint were included for verification, in which the diagnoses of 195 cases were coincident with the record certified as correct. The overall diagnostic accuracy rate of the model was 96.5%. In conclusion, the diagnostic accuracy of the AI model is promising and may compensate for the limitation of medical experience.

Los metadatos, la búsqueda y recuperación de información desde las Ciencias de la Información / Metadata, search and information retrieval from the Information Science

Resumen El desarrollo de la informática y las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) han transformado de manera preponderante el crecimiento y el acceso a la información, así como las maneras de concebir y realizar la búsqueda y recuperación de la información en la Internet acorde al nuevo contexto. Dicho proceso ha dejado de ser unidireccional y el usuario se ha convertido en ente participativo en la dinámica del proceso, introduciendo un modelo cognitivo y superando el tradicional; de manera que, el presente trabajo analiza los presupuestos teóricos-metodológicos entorno a la representación de la necesidad de información como elemento que define el resultado de una estrategia de búsqueda. Para ello, se adentra en el análisis de diferentes enfoques presentes en la interacción usuario máquina durante la búsqueda y la recuperación de la información. En este sentido, se reconocen los aportes de otras disciplinas que contribuyen a encontrar soluciones para optimizar la recuperación de información en la Internet. Con este empeño se propone el uso de metadatos para lograr una mejor comunicación e interpretación por parte de los Sistemas de Recuperación de Información de los distintos puntos de vista de un usuario determinado.

Abstract Computing, and information and communication technology development has preponderantly transformed the growth and access to information, as well as the ways of conceiving and performing search and retrieval of information on Internet in accordance with the new context. This process has ceased to be unidirectional and the user has become a participative entity in dynamics of the process introducing a cognitive model and surpassing traditional one. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze theoretical-methodological assumptions around the representation of the need for information as an element that defines the result of a search strategy. In order to do this, it delves into the analysis of different approaches present in the user-machine interaction during search and retrieval of information. In this sense, the contributions of other disciplines that contribute to finding solutions to optimize the retrieval of information on the Internet are recognized. With this effort, the use of metadata is proposed to achieve better communication and interpretation by the Information Retrieval Systems of the different points of view of a given user.

Construction of TCM Symptoms Knowledge Representation Model Based on Ontology / 医学信息学杂志

The paper introduces the status of TCM symptoms information application,constructs the symptoms knowledge classification system by taking the TCM Diagnostics as the knowledge source,constructs the symptoms knowledge representation model based on the classification and coding technologies,and draws a conclusion that the data analysis result is consistent with the actual clinical situation based on collecting symptom data in the Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and correlation analysis using this model.

Das nuvens e dos relógios: uma reflexão pessoal acerca do método psicanalítico / On clouds and clocks: a personal reflection on the psychoanalytic method / De nubes y relojes: una reflexión personal sobre el método psicoanalítico / Des nuages e des horloges: une réflexion personnel concernant la méthode psychanalytique

Este trabalho é uma reflexão a respeito do método do psicanalista. A autora enfatiza a disciplina de trilhar o caminho do conhecimento sem perder de vista o desconhecido, mantendo, assim, uma atitude ética diante do sentido inapreensível de nossa existência. O modelo de Popper é trazido como analogia para ilustrar o método do psicanalista pautado na interação dinâmica entre os dois níveis: (i) acesso pelo conhecimento, representação, e (ii) acesso pela expressão, pela vivência da experiência emocional, Sendo

This paper is a reflection on the psychoanalyst's method. The author emphasizes the discipline to tread the path of knowledge without losing sight of the unknown. It enables us to maintain an ethical attitude when facing the inapprehensible sense of our existence. Popper's model is presented as an analogy to illustrate the psychoanalyst's method, which is based on the dynamic interaction between two levels: (i) access through knowledge, representation, and (ii) access through expression, as one undergoes the emotional experience, Being

Este trabajo es una reflexión sobre el método del psicoanalista. La autora destaca la disciplina de la senda del conocimiento sin perder de vista lo desconocido, manteniendo así una actitud ética hacia el significado de nuestra existencia, difícil de alcanzar. El modelo de Popper es utilizado como una analogía para ilustrar el método del analista fundada en la interacción dinámica entre los dos niveles: (i) acceso por el conocimiento, la representación, y (ii) acceso por la expresión, por la vivencia de la experiencia emocional, Siendo

Ce travail est une réflexion concernant la méthode du psychanalyste. L'auteur met en relief la discipline de suivre le chemin des connaissances, sans perdre de vue l'inconnu, en conservant ainsi une attitude éthique en face du sens insaisissable de notre existence. Le modèle de Popper est apporté comme une analogie pour illustrer la méthode du psychanalyste obéissant à l'interaction dynamique entre ces deux niveaux: (i) l'accès par les connaissances, représentation e (ii) l'accès par l'expression, par les vécues de l'expérience émotionnelle, en Étant

Investigation of Data Representation Issues in Computerizing Clinical Practice Guidelines in China / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: From the point of view of clinical data representation, this study attempted to identify obstacles in translating clinical narrative guidelines into computer interpretable format and integrating the guidelines with data in Electronic Health Records in China. METHODS: Based on SAGE and K4CARE formulism, a Chinese clinical practice guideline for hypertension was modeled in Protege by building an ontology that had three components: flowchart, node, and vMR. Meanwhile, data items imperative in Electronic Health Records for patients with hypertension were reviewed and compared with those from the ontology so as to identify conflicts and gaps between. RESULTS: A set of flowcharts was built. A flowchart comprises three kinds of node: State, Decision, and Act, each has a set of attributes, including data input/output that exports data items, which then were specified following ClinicalStatement of HL7 vMR. A total of 140 data items were extracted from the ontology. In modeling the guideline, some narratives were found too inexplicit to formulate, and encoding data was quite difficult. Additionally, it was found in the healthcare records that there were 8 data items left out, and 10 data items defined differently compared to the extracted data items. CONCLUSIONS: The obstacles in modeling a clinical guideline and integrating with data in Electronic Health Records include narrative ambiguity of the guideline, gaps and inconsistencies in representing some data items between the guideline and the patient' records, and unavailability of a unified medical coding system. Therefore, collaborations among various participants in developing guidelines and Electronic Health Record specifications is needed in China.

Herramientas informáticas para la representación del conocimiento / Software tools for knowledge representation

La Psicología Cognitiva plantea en el modelo general de la memoria tres tipos de almacenamiento de la información: Memoria Sensorial (MS), Memoria de Corto Plazo (MCP), y Memoria de Largo Plazo (MLP). En la MLP se almacena información de modo permanente, su capacidad es extremadamente grande y conserva la información de modo indefinido. Uno de los subsistemas de la MLP es la Memoria declarativa o conceptual que está compuesta a su vez, por una memoria semántica y una memoria episódica. La organización del conocimiento en la memoria semántica humana tiene una estructura reticular, es decir los conocimiento se representan mediante redes semánticas, a través de representaciones proposicionales. Estas son unidades semánticas que articulan un concepto (nodo 1) con otro concepto (nodo 2) unidos por medio de una relación significativa. El modo en que la información se aprende (fase de adquisición) es importante, tanto para la organización del conocimiento en la memoria como para la fase de recuperación. El mejor modo de aprender es integrar la nueva información en el formato en que la memoria opera para recuperarla/recordarla, es decir en el formato de redes semánticas y mapas conceptuales. En el presente artículo se presenta un software cognitivo: Knowledge Master que emula la forma de la representación del conocimiento en la memoria semántica por medio de la creación de mapas conceptuales y redes semánticas. Se ilustra su aplicación mediante la visualización de redes semánticas sobre conceptos desarrollados en el propio artículo.

Cognitive Psychology proposes three types of information storage for the general pattern of memory: Sensory Memory (SM), Short Term Memory (STM), and Long Term Memory (LTM). In the LTM, information is stored on a permanent basis, its capacity isextremely large and it keeps information indefinitely. One of the sub-systems of LTM is the declarative or conceptual memory which is composed in turn by a semantic memory as well as by an episodic one. The organization of knowledge in the semantic human memory has a reticular structure,which means that knowledge is represented by semantic nets, through propositional representations. These are semantic units which articulate a concept (node 1) with another concept (node 2) joined by means of a significant relation. The way in which information is learned (acquisition phase) is important, for theorganization of knowledge in the memory as much as for the retrieval phase. The best way to learn is to integrate the new information in the format in which memory operatesto retrieve/recall, that is to say in the format of semantic nets and conceptual maps. In the present article a specimen of cognitive software is presented: Knowledge Master, which follows the outline of representation of knowledge in the semantic memory by meansof the generation of conceptual maps and semantic nets. Its application is exemplified by visualization of semantic nets regarding concepts developed in this same article.

Development and Validation of Archetypes for Nursing Problems in Breast Cancer Patients / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: Archetypes as structured models of clinical content are considered to be the key broker between the reference models and terminology. This study developed and validated archetypes for nursing problems with breast cancer patients. METHODS: Archetypes were developed with the focuses and characterizing categories to describe the nursing problems identified from the perioperative nursing records of breast cancer patients, a literature review and experts' survey. The archetypes were validated by experts and applied to the clinical cases. RESULTS: Forty seven focuses and 22 characterizing categories of nursing problems were identified. Forty five archetypes, except for the symptoms of URI and vital signs, could be grouped into 16 different types. The symptoms of URI and vital signs were modeled by a combination of other archetypes. The experts' evaluation and application to clinical cases demonstrated the validity of the archetypes developed. CONCLUSION: Archetypes for nursing problems developed in this study can ensure interoperability and contribute to the exchange and sharing of the high quality structured data and information.

A study of Knowledge Modeling using abstract concepts in Traditional East Asian Medicine / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: This research is focused on modeling the diagnostic knowledge in traditional medicine. Unlike the previous studies which have dealt mainly with the standardized heuristic knowledge for diagnosis, we investigated the logical procedures and a set of source knowledge which the standardized diagnosis has been based on. These procedures and knowledge are related to Yin-Yang principle and their medical derivatives which are believed to interact with the heuristic knowledge for diagnosis through analogical reasoning. METHOD: we analyzed disorders which have been specified in traditional medicine and their signs and symptoms on the diagnostic criteria defined by Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine. Based on the conventional knowledge, all the symptoms were analyzed into elementary abstractive concepts so that we represented their properties by the principles mentioned above. And then we analyzed the procedures to link the disorders to their assigned sign and symptoms. RESULTS: Based on the proposed methodology, the diagnostic knowledge in traditional medicine was represented as rules in our ontology which was written by OpenCyc system. By applying these rules to the properties of the symptoms that have been derived from a patient, the patient's disorder can be determined. And this preliminary algorithm was implemented to be able to obtain a limited diagnostic result for individual patients. CONCLUSION: This research developed an analytic and consequently flexible diagnostic knowledge system for traditional medicine than the previous studies. These results will be extended to developing an analogical reasoning algorithm by the authors. It is also necessary, however, to improve them both by providing more practical diagnostic knowledge in such medicine and by carrying out clinical evaluations.

Mapas conceptuales: Una estrategia para el aprendizaje / Conceptual maps: A learning strategy

Se planteó la construcción y uso de mapas conceptuales como una estrategia para el aprendizaje significativo a partir de las ideas y teoría de D. Ausubel. Este instrumento creado por J. Novak para guiar a los estudiantes en la representación del conocimiento, organización de los materiales de aprendizaje o para encontrar los procedimientos a seguir en la resolución de problemas, entre otros aspectos, es la principal herramienta metodológica de esta teoría. Ellos tienen 3 elementos fundamentales: concepto, proposición y palabras de enlace y se caracterizan por la jerarquización de los conceptos, constituyendo una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo científico de los estudiantes. Se describieron las formas de representación, pasos, método didáctico y tecnologías para su construcción, concluyendo que constituyen un método eficaz en el desarrollo de habilidades cognoscitivas y deductivas y puede ser empleado en la solución de problemas de manera creativa y autónoma.

Design and use of conceptual maps was proposed as a significative learning strategy from D. Ausubel ideas and theory. This tool of J. Novak, designed for guidance of students in knowledge representation, organization of learning material, or to find procedures to ensue in solution of problems, amongst other thing, it the main methodological tool of this theory. Have three essential elements: concept, proposal, and link words, and are characterized by concepts hierarchization, being an efficacious tool for student scientific development. Authors described representation ways, steps, didactic method, and technologies for its creation. It is conclude that it is efficacious method in development of cognitive and deducible abilities, and also that it may be used in problem solution in a creative and autonomous way.

STUDY ON NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE OF NETWORK FAULT DIAGNOSIS EXPERT SYSTEM / 药物分析学报

The expert system is an important field of the artificial intelligence. The traditional interface of the expert system is the command, menu and window at present. It limits the application of the expert system and embarrasses the enthusiasm of using expert system. Combining with the study on the expert system of network fault diagnosis, the natural language interface of the expert system has been discussed in this article. This interface can understand and generate Chinese sentences. Using this interface, the user and field experts can use the expert system to diagnose the fault of network conveniently. In the article, first, the extended production rule has been proposed. Then the methods of Chinese sentence generation from conceptual graphs and the model of expert system are introduced in detail. Using this model, the network fault diagnosis expert system and its natural language interface have been developed with Prolog.

Ontology Technology in Medical Informatics / 대한의료정보학회지

The main purpose of this paper is to overview the current issues in the area of medical ontology. Ontology technology in Medical Informatics is evolved from the three different research areas: namely, web application for the Semantic Web, Knowledge Representation in Artificial Intelligence, and medical terminology system. In this paper we provide possible research agenda concerning medical ontology development from the above three perspectives at the same time.

The Priming Effects of Knowledge Representation of Chinese- English Bilinguals / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To explore how the Chinese- English Bilinguals represent knowledge of the second language. Methods: The inter- language priming effects were investigated in two priming- category judgement tasks based individual- ly on the semantic (ExperimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ) and phonological information (ExperimentⅢ and ExperimentⅣ). Re- sults: In experimentⅠand ExperimentⅡ, no matter what the relation between the English targets and the English primes was semantic association or homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained; However, In the experimentⅢ, when the relation between the targets and the primes was semantic association, no significant priming effect was found; In experimentⅣ, when the relation was homophones and similar phones, the significant priming effects were obtained. Conclusion: ①The second language knowledge of Chinese- English Bilinguals was represented in the semantic and phonological characters; ②The conceptual representation could be discreted with the lexical representation.